The Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (formerly known as the Conservation and Research Center) has been located in Front Royal, Virginia, since 1974. Acquisition of the property to support the Smithsonian's National Zoo's wildlife conservation programs follows a rich history of activities.

The property was occupied by the Smithsonian in 1974, and title to the land was received in 1975. The facility was named the Conservation and Research Center, and was staffed with a dozen employees from various zoo departments as well as a handful of former Remount and Cattle station employees. The Center's mission has evolved over the years, but its focus remains true to the original concept--a center for conservation-related activities of the Smithsonian's National Zoo and sister units of the Smithsonian Institution.